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| Timothy James McVeigh | |
|---|---|
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| Born | April 23 1968 Pendleton, New York, U.S.A. |
| Died | June 11 2001 (aged 33) Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A. |
| Charge(s) | Weapon of mass destruction, conspiracy, explosives, first-degree murder |
| Penalty | Death penalty |
| Status | Executed |
| Occupation | Army soldier, security guard |
| Parents | Bill and Mickey McVeigh[verification needed] |
"McVeigh" redirects here. For the navy sailor, see Timothy R. McVeigh. For the Australian politician, see Tom McVeigh
Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001), was a former decorated United States Army soldier and security guard who was convicted of eleven United States federal offenses, and ultimately executed for his role in the April 19th, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. The bombing, which claimed 168 lives, was the deadliest act of terrorism within United States borders until the September 11, 2001 attacks and remains the deadliest incident of domestic terrorism in the United States.
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McVeigh was born in Lockport, New York, and raised in nearby Pendleton, New York. He was the middle child of three, and the only male child. He earned his high school diploma from Starpoint Central High School. His parents, Mildred Noreen ("Mickey") Hill and William McVeigh,http://www.wargs.com/other/mcveigh.html divorced when he was 10. His parents were of Irish and German origin. McVeigh was known throughout his life as a loner; his only known affiliations were voter registration with the Republican Party when he lived in New York, and a membership in the National Rifle Association while in the military.Profile of Timothy McVeigh, CNN, March 29, 2001, accessed August 8, 2006.
After his parents\' divorce, McVeigh lived with his father; his sisters moved to Florida with their mother. He and his father were devout Roman Catholics who often attended daily Mass. In a recorded interview with Time MagazinePatrick Cole, "A Look Back in TIME: Interview with Timothy McVeigh," March 30, 1996, accessed August 8, 2006, he professed his belief in "a God," although he said he had "sort of lost touch with," Catholicism and "never really picked it [back] up." The Guardian reported that McVeigh wrote a letter claiming to be an agnostic,Julian Borger, "McVeigh faces day of reckoning: Special report: Timothy McVeigh," The Guardian Online, June 11, 2001, accessed August 8, 2006 though his execution included a Catholic ceremony.
In May 1988, he enlisted in the U.S. Army.Douglas O. Linder, "The Oklahoma City Bombing & The Trial of Timothy McVeigh,", online posting, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Law School faculty projects, 2006, accessed August 7, 2006; cf. People in the News: Timothy McVeigh: The Path to Death Row, transcript of program broadcast on CNN, June 9, 2001, 11:30 p.m. ET]. [Specific citations to both of these sources and other unidentified sources are still needed throughout the above article.] He was a decorated veteran of the United States Army, having served in the Gulf War, where he was awarded a Bronze Star. He had been a top scoring gunner with the 25mm cannon of the light-armored Bradley Fighting Vehicles used by the U.S. 1st Infantry Division to which he was assigned. He served at Fort Riley, Kansas, before Operation Desert Storm. At Fort Riley, McVeigh completed the Primary Leadership Development Course (PLDC).
McVeigh wanted to join the Green Berets, the Army\'s elite special forces. After returning from The Gulf War, he entered the program for training to become a Green Beret, but dropped out after the second day of an early phase due to blisters from new boots sustained during a 5-mile march. Afterwards, McVeigh decided to leave the Army entirely, and was discharged on December 31, 1991.See Hoffman, "\'The Face of Terror\'"; Hoffman finds many speculations published in the media about this episode in McVeigh\'s life as a soldier inaccurate and based on false information.
McVeigh was given his final honorable discharge from the Army reserve in May, 1992.
After leaving the Army in 1992, McVeigh\'s lifestyle grew increasingly transient. At first he worked briefly near his hometown Pendleton, as a security guard. Then in 1993, he drove to Waco, Texas during the Waco Siege to sell bumper stickers. McVeigh spent time on the gun show circuit, moving from show to show. He sold copies of The Turner Diaries, and a flare gun that he said could shoot down an, "ATF helicopter."Editor (March 29, 2001) "Timothy McVeigh: Convicted Oklahoma City Bomber." CNN.com.Editors (2000) "Gun Shows in America." Violence Policy Center. One author said, "In the gun show culture, McVeigh found a home. Though he remained skeptical of some of the most extreme ideas being bandied around, he liked talking to people there about the United Nations, the federal government, and possible threats to American liberty."Handlin, Sam (2001) "Profile of a Mass Murderer: Who Is Timothy McVeigh? Court TV Online.
McVeigh also experimented with methamphetamines.Summary of McVeigh trial.
Working at a lakeside campground near his old Army post, McVeigh constructed an ANNM explosive device mounted in the back of a rented Ryder truck. The bomb consisted of about 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ammonium nitrate (an agricultural fertilizer) and nitromethane, an explosive motor-racing fuel.
On April 19, 1995 McVeigh drove the truck to the front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building just as its offices and day care center opened for the day. Prosecutors said McVeigh strode away from the truck after he ignited a timed fuse in the front of the truck. At 9:02 a.m., a massive explosion collapsed the north half of the building. The explosion killed 168 people, and 850 were injured.MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base The 168th victim, a rescue worker named Rebecca Anderson, Oklahoma city National Memorial Cite listing of deaths died after the initial blast, when a piece of falling debris struck the back of her head.Rebecca Anderson Scholarship Information (07/27/2004).Retrieved on Nov. 16, 2006 19 of the victims were small children in the day care center, which was on the ground floor of the building. (Later, McVeigh did not express remorse for what he referred to as "collateral damage" deaths, but said he might have chosen a different target if he had known the day care center was open.See Michel and Herbeck; cf. Walsh:
)
According to the Oklahoma City Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), more than 300 buildings were damaged, and more than 12,000 volunteers and rescue workers were involved in the subsequent rescue, recovery, and support operations.
By tracing its Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), the FBI identified the rear axle found in the wreckage as coming from a Ryder Rental Junction City agency truck.[citation needed] Workers at the agency assisted an FBI artist in creating a sketch of the renter, who had used the alias "Robert Kling."[citation needed] The sketch was shown in the area, and on the same day, was identified by manager Lea McGown of the Dreamland Hotel as Timothy McVeigh.[citation needed]
Shortly after the bombing, while driving on I-35 in Noble County, near Perry, Oklahoma, McVeigh was stopped by Charles J. Hanger, an Oklahoma Highway Patrol trooper from Pawnee, Oklahoma.See "Officer of the Month - October 2001: Second Lieutenant Charles J. Hanger, Oklahoma Highway Patrol," National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, copyright 2004-2006, accessed August 8, 2006. Hanger had passed McVeigh\'s yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis and noticed it had no license plate. He arrested McVeigh for carrying a loaded firearm. He was wearing a T-shirt at that time with the motto: sic semper tyrannis, the state motto of Virginia, and also the words shouted by John Wilkes Booth after he shot Abraham Lincoln. The translation: Thus always to tyrants.The Timothy McVeigh Story: The Oklahoma Bomber (English). Crime Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Three days later, while still in jail, McVeigh was identified as the subject of the nationwide manhunt.
On August 10, 1995, McVeigh was federally indicted on 11 counts, including conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, use of a weapon of mass destruction, destruction by explosives, and eight counts of first-degree murder.
On February 20, 1996, the Court granted a change of venue and ordered the case transferred from Oklahoma City to the US District Court in Denver, Colorado, to be presided over by U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch.
McVeigh instructed his lawyers to use a necessity defense. They argued that his bombing of the Murrah building was a justifiable response to what McVeigh believed were the crimes of the U.S. government at Waco, Texas, during the 51-day siege of the Branch Davidian complex that resulted in the death of 76 Branch Davidian members.Douglas O. Linder, "The Oklahoma City Bombing & The Trial of Timothy McVeigh,", online posting, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Law School faculty projects, 2006, accessed August 7, 2006. [Specific citations to this source are still needed throughout the above article.] As part of his defense, McVeigh\'s lawyers showed the controversial video Waco: The Big Lie to the jury.People in the News: Timothy McVeigh: The Path to Death Row, transcript of program broadcast on CNN, June 9, 2001, 11:30 p.m. ET. [Specific citations to this source are still needed throughout the above article.]. For a description of the video by its director, Linda Thompson, see Waco: The Big Lie, hosted by wfmu.org, a New Jersey FM radio station via serendipity.li, accessed August 8, 2006.
On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was found guilty on all 11 counts of the federal indictment.Mark Eddy, George Lane, Howard Pankratz, and Steven Wilmsen, "Guilty on Every Count," Denver Post Online June 3, 1997, accessed August 7, 2006:
On June 13, 1997, the jury recommended that McVeigh receive the death penalty.See "Sentenced to Die," The News Hour with Jim Lehrer, Online NewsHour, PBS, June 13, 1997, accessed August 8, 2006. The U.S. Department of Justice brought federal charges against McVeigh for causing the deaths of the eight federal officers leading to a possible death penalty for McVeigh; it could not bring charges against McVeigh for the remaining 160 murders in federal court because those deaths fell under the jurisdiction of the state of Oklahoma. After McVeigh\'s conviction and sentencing (and after the Terry Nichols trial), The State of Oklahoma did not file murder charges against Mcveigh for the other 160 deaths, as he had already been sentenced to death in the federal trial.People in the News: Timothy McVeigh: The Path to Death Row, transcript of program broadcast on CNN, June 9, 2001, 11:30 p.m. ET].
McVeigh\'s death sentence was delayed pending an appeal. One of his appeals for certiorari, taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, was denied on March 8, 1999. He was executed by lethal injection at 7:14 a.m. on June 11, 2001, at the U.S. Federal Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. He had dropped all of his existing appeals, giving no reason for doing so. He was 33 years old.
McVeigh invited California conductor/composer David Woodard to perform a pre-requiem (a Mass for those who are about to die), on the eve of his execution. He had also requested a Catholic chaplain. Ave Atque Vale was performed under Woodard\'s baton by a local brass choir at St. Margaret Mary Church, located near the Terre Haute penitentiary, at 7:00 p.m. on June 10, to an audience that included the entirety of the next morning\'s witnesses. McVeigh chose William Ernest Henley\'s poem "Invictus" as his final statement. His final meal consisted of two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream. McVeigh was the first convicted criminal to be executed by the United States federal government since Victor Feguer in Iowa on March 15, 1963.
His body was cremated in the retort at Mattox Ryan Funeral home, in Terre Haute. The cremated remains were then given to his lawyer for disposition. McVeigh\'s remains were scattered in an undisclosed location.
McVeigh claimed that the bombing was revenge for "what the U.S. government did at Waco and Ruby Ridge."See "McVeigh Remorseless About Bombing," newswire release, Associated Press, March 29, 2001, reposted on rickross.com, accessed August 8, 2006. He visited Waco during the standoff, where he spoke to a news reporter about his anger over what was happening there.Profile of Timothy McVeigh, CNN, March 29, 2001, accessed August 8, 2006.
McVeigh frequently quoted and alluded approvingly to the white supremacist novel The Turner Diaries, which describes acts of terrorism similar to the crimes that he was convicted of perpetrating. Photocopies of pages sixty-one and sixty-two of The Turner Diaries were found in an envelope inside McVeigh\'s car. These pages depicted a fictitious mortar attack upon the U.S. Capitol in Washington.See Michel and Herbeck; cf. Walsh.
In a book based on interviews before his execution, American Terrorist, McVeigh stated he decapitated an Iraqi soldier with cannon fire on his first day in the war, and celebrated. But he said he later was shocked to be ordered to execute surrendering prisoners, and to see carnage on the road leaving Kuwait City after U.S. troops routed the Iraqi army. In interviews following the Oklahoma City bombing, McVeigh said he began harboring anti-government feelings during the Gulf War.In 1998, an imprisoned McVeigh penned an essay that criticized US foreign policy towards Iraq as being hypocritical.
In addition to McVeigh, Terry Nichols was also convicted and sentenced in federal court to life in prison for his role in the crime. At Nichols\' trial, evidence was presented indicating that others may have been involved. Several residents of central Kansas, including real estate agent Georgia Rucker and a retired Army NCO testified at the Terry Nichols federal trial that they had seen 2 trucks at Geary State Lake where prosecutors alleged the bomb was assembled. The retired NCO said he visited the lake on April 18 1995, but left after a group of surly men looked at him aggressively. The operator of Dreamland Motel testified that two Ryder trucks had been parked outside her Grandview Plaza motel where McVeigh stayed in Room 26 the weekend before the bombing. Testimony suggested that McVeigh may have had several other accomplices, but no other individuals have been indicted for the bombing.
An ATF informant, Carolyn Howe, told reporters that shortly before the bombing she had warned her handlers that guests of Elohim City, Oklahoma were planning a major bombing attack. McVeigh was issued a speeding ticket there at the same time. However, other than this speeding ticket, there is no evidence of a connection between McVeigh and members of the MidWest Bank Robbers at Elohim City.
In February 2004, the FBI announced it would review its investigation after learning that agents in the investigation of the Midwest Bank Robbers (an alleged Aryan-oriented gang) had turned up explosive caps of the same type that were used to trigger the bomb. Agents expressed surprise that bombing investigators had not been provided information from the MidWest Bank Robbers investigation. McVeigh was given a one week delay prior to his execution while evidence relating to the Bank Robbers gang was presented to a court.
McVeigh eventually declined any further delays and maintained until his death that he had acted alone in the bombing.
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It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article entitled Timothy McVeigh conspiracy theories. (Discuss) |
On May 8, 1995, Jones was appointed by the United States District Court as the lead defense counsel for Timothy James McVeigh, charged with the largest mass murder and act of domestic terrorism in the United States, the bombing of the Alfred P. Mur[r]ah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.A book synopsis appears in the PublicAffairs online catalogue for Others Unknown.
Jones and Israel suggest in Others Unknown that Terry Nichols had crossed paths with suspected Islamic terrorists during his frequent visits to the Philippines before the attacks. Nichols\' father-in-law at the time was a Philippine police officer who owned an apartment building often rented to Arabic-speaking students with alleged terrorist connections. Former counter-terrorism adviser on the U.S. National Security Council Richard A. Clarke suggests that the improvement in Nichols\'s bomb-making techniques, along with telephone calls to the region upon return to the U.S, points to a possible link to Philippines-based Islamist terrorists in CebĂş and the southern islands. These accounts are detailed in Richard A. Clarke\'s 2004 work Against All Enemies, an accounting of his public service which spanned across several administrations.
McVeigh\'s defense attorneys also submitted a theory to the court that Islamist terrorists and American Neo-Nazis conspired in the bombing. They pointed out that location and day of the attack indicated the possibility that those seeking revenge for the execution of Richard Snell may have been involved.Richard Snell had planned to bomb the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in 1983 but was arrested, imprisoned, and convicted of unrelated murders before doing so, received the death penalty, and was coincidentally executed on April 19, 1995, the same day of the bombing of the Murrah Building that McVeigh was later convicted of carrying out. For a summary of the defense\'s theory involving foreign conspiracy or conspiracies, see "Petition for Writ of Mandamus of Petitioner-Defendant, Timothy James McVeigh and Brief in Support," dated March 25, 1997.
In presiding over the trial, Judge Matsch rejected these arguments and did not allow them to be presented as a defense. There remains no credible documented evidence of Islamist or other foreign links to the Oklahoma City bombings.
Various other analysts have suggested that the government was involved in a conspiracy behind the bombing, or that the government even planned the attack as a false flag operation in order to justify persecuting right-wing organizations, in a manner similar to Nazi prosecution of legislators after the Reichstag fire. In 1995, Brigadier General Benton K. Partin (Ret.) issued an analysis of the destruction to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.
From General Partin\'s analysis[2]:
Later he writes:
There are speculations that José Padilla was an accomplice with McVeigh. Both of them at one time lived in the greater Fort Lauderdale area (Plantation, Florida.)[3][4] Following Jose Padilla\'s arrest, several media outlets pointed to a resemblance between Padilla and police sketches of an Oklahoma City bombing suspect known as "John Doe No. 2".[5] [6] [7]
Oklahoma City bombing conspirator Terry Nichols claims that a high-ranking FBI official was directing Timothy McVeigh in the plot to blow up a government building and that the original target of the attack might have been changed, according to a new affidavit filed in US District Court. Nichols also claims that the government is protecting the official and other conspirators "in a cover-up to escape its responsibility" for the attacks. Pamela Manson, Affidavit: McVeigh had high-level help, Salt Lake Tribune, February 22, 2007
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